Majapahit- Greatest Last Hindu Empire of South East Asia

Abhi Raajput feeling proud with Himel Jhor and 7 others

3 hrs ·

Majapahit- Greatest Last Hindu Empire of South East Asia
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Gajah Mada (which translates as Elephant General) was the famous Hindu general and prime minister who served the Great Hindu Majapahit emperor Hayam Wuruk in 14th century Java. He is known for uniting the Indonesian islands (Nusantara) under one kingdom, stretching from Sumatra, Malaysia, Singapore and Southern Thailand in the west to the Moluccas, Timor and New Guinea in the East.In modern Indonesia he serves as a symbol of patriotism and is still an important national hero to this day.

It is said that it was during his appointment as mahapatih under queen Tribhuwanatunggadewi that Gajah Mada took his famous oath, Palapa Oath or Sumpah Palapa.

“Sira Gajah Mada pepatih amungkubumi tan ayun amukita palapa, sira Gajah Mada : Lamun huwus kalah nusantara Ingsun amukti palapa, lamun kalah ring Gurun, ring Seram, Tanjungpura, ring Haru, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Temasek, samana ingsun amukti palapa “

“Gajah Mada, the prime minister, said he will not taste any spice. Said Gajah Mada : If Nusantara (Nusantara= Nusa antara= external territories) are lost, I will not taste “palapa” (“fruits and or spices”). I will not if the domain of Gurun, domain of Seram, domain of Tanjungpura, domain of Haru, Pahang, Dompo, domain of Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, in which case I will never taste any spice.”

While often interpreted literally to mean that Gajah Mada would not allow his food to be spiced (palapa is the prose combination of pala apa= any fruits/spices) the oath is sometimes interpreted to mean that Gajah Mada would abstain from all earthly pleasures until he conquered the entire known archipelago for Majapahit.

Even his closest friends were at first doubtful of his oath, but Gajah Mada kept pursuing his dream to unify Nusantara under the glory of Majapahit.

Gajah Mada belonged to Agama tradition of Hinduism.

Abhi Raajput

SOURCE – Hinduism DeMystified

Lik

नरेंद्र मोदी जी का बड़ा ऐलान अयोध्या में बनेगा भगवान् श्री राम जी का भारत

सीमा सक्सेना‎Vote for BJP

3 hrs ·

BACKING NEWS
नरेंद्र मोदी जी का बड़ा ऐलान अयोध्या में बनेगा भगवान् श्री राम जी का भारत का सबसे भव्य और बड़ा मुजियम जिस की अनुमानित लागत होगी 130 करोड़ रूपए ये म्यूजियम दिल्ही के अक्षर धाम मंदिर की तर्ज और डिजाइन पर बनेगा और इस में भगवान् राम जी से सम्बंधित सभी बस्तुये होगी ये …कल भारतसरकार के पर्यटन और सांस्कृतिक मंत्री श्री महेश शर्मा ने इस बात की घोषणा की और सारी जानकारी दी और कहा की इस म्यूजियम के निर्माण से अयोध्या में टूरिजम और संस्क्रती को बढ़ाबा मिलेगा और लोगो को रोजगार भी मिलेगा

Unli

સફળ માણસ ના વિચારો

સફળ માણસ ના વિચારો… ( successful man )

બિજા ના વખાણ કરે છે.
બધા ને માફ કરી દે છે.
પોતાની અસફળતા ની જવાબદારી સ્વયં લે છે.
આદર્શ અને પ્રેરણાત્મક પુસ્તકો વાંચે છે.
બધાને સફળ થતા જોવા ઇચ્છે છે.
તેઓ હમેંશા જાણે છે કે તે ને શું બનવુ છે.
હંમેશા લક્ષ્ય બનાવે છે અને તેના પર કામ કરે છે.
સતત કઇક નવુ શીખતા રહે છે.
પોતાના મા સુધારો લાવવાની દ્રષ્ટી રાખે છે.
પરિવર્તન લાવે છે.
હમેશાં ખુશ રહે છે અને ખુશિઓ વહેંચે છે.
પોતાન વિચારો અને જ્ઞાન ને વહેંચે છે.
નવા આઇડિયાઝ ની વાતો કરે છે.
રોજ કઇક નવુ વાંચે છે.
પોતાની શફળતા નો શ્રેય પણ વહેંચે છે.
હમેશા બિજા નો આભાર માને છે.

નિષ્ફ્ળ માણસ ના વિચારો…..( unsuccessful man)

બધાની ટીકા કરે છે.
મન મા દુશ્મની રાખી ને બશે છે.
પોતાની નિષ્ફળતા નુ કારણ બીજા ને બનાવે છે.
પુસ્તકો વાંચવા થી દુર રહે છે અને વાંચન ની કીંમત નથી સમજતા.
પોતે બધુ જ જાણે છે અને વાંચવાની જરુર નથી, તેવા ભ્રમ મા રહે છે.
દરેક વાત ને ફાયદા અને નુકસાન ના દ્રષ્ટિકોણ થી જુવે છે.
બિજા ને નિષ્ફળ જોવા માંગે છે.
તેને ખબર જ નથી હોતી આખરે જીવન માં બનવુ છે શુ?.
તેમની સામે ક્યારેય કોઇ લક્ષ્ય હોતુ નથી.
દરેક વખતે એક અજાણ્યા ગુસ્સામા રહે છે.
પોતા નુ જ્ઞાન બીજા સાથે વહેંચતા નથી.
વાસ્તવિકતા થી દુર અને અતી ઉત્સાહ મા રહે છે.
જીવનમા બદલાવ થી ડરે છે.
સમય ની કીંમત નથી સમજતા અને મોટા ભાગ નો સમય વેળ છે.
સફળતા નો બધો શ્રેય પોતે લે છે.
માત્ર અધીકારની વાંતો કરે છે, કર્તવ્ય ની નહી…

Siruthvoor

Rayvi Kumar shared Ancient Tamil Civilization‘s post.

20 hrs ·

+6

Ancient Tamil Civilization added 11 new photos.

2,000-yr-old find in city backyard

A sprawling 35-acre stretch, flanked by a lake and a little hillock, in Siruthavur, 50 km from Chennai, is soaked in history. The Archaeological Survey of India has discovered a megalithic burial site here that dates back to over 2,000 years ago.

The site has more than 300 burial spots that could provide a rare peek into the period. Since the ASI began its excavation in July, the area has thrown up a treasure trove of sarcophaguses, or stone coffins, carnelian beads, iron implements and pieces of bones, all traces of an ancient civilisation that once thrived in the region.

“After more than four decades, the ASI has uncovered a megalithic burial site here. North Tamil Nadu, particularly Kancheepuram, Chengalpattu, Thirukazhukundram and Sriperumbudur, are known to have such sites. About 80% of the 162 ASI sites in the state are megalithic. But protecting the sites has proved a big challenge,” said Sathyabhama Badhreenath, ASI superintending archaeologist, Chennai region, while on a tour of the site.

While Siruthavur was put under ASI cover as a national protected site way back in the 1940s, there has been consistent erosion of the site due to the activities of squatters, who have been using the stone circles as fire stoves, and illegal sand miners. “We are trying to create awareness among the locals. But there should be a more concerted effort on the part of authorities to preserve the site,” pointed out Sathyabhama. Meanwhile, marauding trucks have been scooping out pieces of history only to be mixed in lime and mortar or garden soil in homes.

The ASI team which finally got to work in Siruthavur in Kancheepuram district has so far exposed eight burial pits. Some urns made of terracotta
Chennai: On the discovery of a megalithic burial site at Siruthavur, K P Mohandas, assistant archaeologist said “We have discovered that there are at least five different types of burial spots — two that used sarcophaguses, and some urns to bury the remains of the dead. There are so many strewn across this acreage.”

These are ‘secondary burials’ where remains of the dead, like bones, iron implements and the semi-precious carnelian beads, were found inside the 12-legged sarcophaguses or the two-and-a-half feet deep urns. The sarcophaguses are made of terracotta and engraved with fine design running around the edge. Some of the urns also made of terracotta were found covered with slabs.

The burials can be spotted easily from the stone circles — the area is marked by a circle of small boulders inside which the sarcophaguses are placed. The empty space is packed with sand and stones and finally a stone cap, a cluster of stones, placed above. So distinctive are the burials that the ASI team had little trouble identifying and digging them up.

http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp…

Siruthavoor – Megalithic Burial Site

The megalithic burials of southern India— a wonderfully varied set of monuments— have long needed a chronology and a context.Broadly contemporary with the Roman and Sasanian empires, these dolmens, cairns and cists have continually raised contradictions with their material contents. The authors attack the problem using luminescence applied to pottery at the site of Siruthavoor in north-east Tamilnadu. Although sharing material culture, this first pilot project gave dates ranging from 300 BC to AD 600, so exposing the problem and perhaps, in OSL, its long-term solution.

Siruthavoor lies in Kanchipuram district, situated along the northern coast of Tamilnadu,India and is adjacent to the Bay of Bengal (Figure 1). The area in which the Iron Age-Early Historic burials are located is bounded by the Siruthavoor lake (tank) towards the south anda hillock of around 31m asl towards the north, with a smaller hillock (below 15m asl) to the east (Figure2).ThegeologyoftheareaisrepresentedbyArchaeantoPrecambriancrystallineformations such as charnockite, granite gneiss and ultrabasic rocks, overlain by Mesozoicand Tertiary sedimentary rocks (Rajmohan & Elango 2005). Most of the megalithic burials at the site are built using charnockite, granite gneiss and lateritic rocks.Exploration, mapping and excavation were conducted at the site from 2007–2009. Although innumerable burials have been destroyed at this site by sand quarrying, over500 burials remained during the survey. Of these, 166 were of the cairn circle type, 141 were dolmens,157 were dolmens within a stonecircle, 38 were cists and 57 were of cist-with-circle type. The urn burials were harder to map since most of them have no stone append age visible on the surface. Eight burials were excavated. Burial 1 was a cairn circle type; burial 2 a sarcophagus; burial 3 a cist within a stone circle (Figure 3); burial 4 a dolmen without a circle (Figure 4); burial 5 a dolmen within a circle, with pottery sarcophagi (Figure 5);burial 6 a dolmen without a circle; and burials 7 and 8 (Figure 6) were urn burials. Burials 1, 4, 5 and 6 were intact, while burials 2, 3, 7 and 8 were partially disturbed or exposed.Burials 2, 7 and 8 did not have any associated lithic appendage visible on the surface.

“The pottery from Siruthavoor was, on the whole, badly preserved, making analysis of its form and fabric difficult (Figure 7). Most of the anthropogenic disturbance of the burials at Siruthavoor was in the area around burials 2 and 3. A large percentage of what remains of the burials in this area indicates that they were cist burials. The surface material collected is similar to the material excavated in burial 3 including iron objects, carnelian beads and pottery (Figure 8). Between burials 2 and 3 and burials 4, 5 and 6, large boulders are indicative of possible dolmen type burials, but the surface finds here are very sparse. This gives tantalising possibilities of spatio-temporal correlations. However, the need for finerchronologicalresolutionbecomesevengreaterwhenoneconsidersanevolutionaryapproachto the study of the archaeological record (Lipo et al
. 2005).Surface finds such as microlithic tools, excavation of the Iron Age-Early Historic burials at the site and a Siva temple (dated to the ninth century AD from epigraphical evidence) at Siruthavoor indicate that the site has been occupied for a long period of time and through different cultural phases. No evidence of a habitation site has been found at Siruthavoor so far. During construction work near the Siva temple, villagers reported finding metal artefacts and pottery which match the description of Black Ware. However, this has not been corroborated. The undiagnostic pottery and the lack of associated organic material at Siruthavoor led to the choice of OSL as a dating method”

OSL dating

There has been a significant improvement in the OSL dating technique in recent years,particularly using the single aliquot regeneration (SAR) protocol, leading to an expected accuracy of around 5–10 per cent (Bluszcz 2004). Of the eight excavated burials at Siruthavoor, five were dated using OSL (Table 1). All the samples were obtained from sarcophagiorurns containing burial remains, as these are one of the more permanent features present in each burial. Altogether, six samples of pottery, two from burial 5 (sarcophagi 5a and 5c), and one from each of burials 3, 4, 6 and 8 were dated.OSL dating was carried out at the luminescence dating laboratory at Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun, India. Samples of pottery sarcophagi or urns were crushed under subdued red light conditions. The luminescence was stimulated by exposure to blue light inaRisoTL-DA20 reader and measured as De(equivalentdose),the radiation trapped since the pottery was fired. To get an assessment of time in calendar years, the De is dividedby annual dose rates deduced from the amounts of potassium, uranium and thorium in the pot fabric, measured by XRF. Soil originally in contact with the pottery was not available.

http://www.academia.edu/…/Situating_megalithic_burials_in_t…

The “Megalithic” Iron Age Culture in South India – Joanna Sudyka

http://www.archeologia.univ.rzeszow.pl/…/anale…/4_Sudyka.pdf

ADICHANALLUR:- A PREHISTORIC MINING SITE

Ancient Tamil Civilization added 19 new photos.

2 hrs · Edited ·

ADICHANALLUR:- A PREHISTORIC MINING SITE (ஆதித்த நல்லூர் புகழ்பெற்ற சுரங்கத்தொழில் நகரம்)

Porunai Valley Civilization (பொருநைவெளி நாகரிகம்)

The geo-archaeological survey at Adichanallur and Krishnapuram
was carried out in the year 2004. The resultant study revealed that the so called prehistoric burial site were one of the longest open cast mines ofancient times. The mined materials contained copper, gold and iron at Adichanallur and iron at Krishnapuram. The collected samples of ore, slag and some of the copper and iron artefacts from the exposed burials were analysed for their elemental composition. The study of metallic artefacts
revealed that the technology of melting, casting and metalworking was prevalent in that period at Adichanallur. The age of the burials were ascertained through the dating of the pottery pieces from different level by Thermo Luminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL).

INTRODUCTION

Adichanallur, the pre-historic mining site [8°38′28.5′′ N Lat. and
77°51′51′′ E Long.] is located 24 km south-east of Tirunelveli and about 9 km north of Korkai in Tuthukudi District of TamilNadu. At the request of T. Satyamurthi, then Superintendent Archaeologist, Chennai Circle, Archaeological Survey of India, the scientists from the National Institute of Ocean Technology (hereafter NIOT),
Chennai, carried out geo-archaeological survey at Adichanallur.

While carrying out the geo-archaeological investigations in that area, the scientists chanced to find similar ancient open cast mining site at Krishnapuram. The ancient mining site at
Krishnapuram is located 15 km from Tirunelveli towards Tiruchendur at 8°40′50.5′′ N 77°48′23.20′′E. The village Krishnapuram was mentioned by Alexander Rea as one of the burial sites along the banks of the river Tamraparani. The Tirunelveli-Tiruchendur highway bisects the ancient mining site at Krishnapuram. The area surveyed by NIOT falls on the SW side of the village and vestiges of burial have not been encountered in that area. However, the burials reported by Rea are probably nearer to the banks of the Tamraparani River.

BACKGROUND STUDY

The site Adichanallur is closer to Srivaikundam town situated on the southern bank of the River Tamraparani. The credit for the discovery of this burial site, as early as in the year 1876, goes to Andrew Jagor of Germany. At that point of time, he unearthed number of bones, iron artefacts, burial urns, and copper objects. The Adichanallur burial site received further attention in the year 1899 when Alexander Rea of Archaeological Survey of India (hereafter ASI) undertook excavation for five seasons from 1899 onwards, followed by Louis Lapicque in the year 1903-04 and Dr. J.R. Henderson in the year 1915. Alexander Rea’s excavation brought to light the largest number of artefacts unearthed so far from a burial complex that includes iron swords, javelins, trident, spear, dagger, spades, lamp hangers and tripods, besides objects made of copper and gold. After a gap of hundred years, the ASI, Chennai Circle, under the direction of T.Satyamurthi,
carried out excavations for two seasons (2004 and 2005).

The geo-archaeological study indicated that the famous burial site at Adichanallur and Krishnapuram were primarily industrial mining centres where the ancient metallurgists mined copper, iron and gold in the former and only iron in the later. The usage of mined pit in these centres as a burial site was an afterthought and the people utilised the 6 to 3 m deep shallow mined pit to bury their dead.

For More Details…

http://www.insa.nic.in/…/UpL…/IJHS/Vol45_3_3_BSasisekara.pdf

https://www.niot.res.in/index.php/publications/papers

Pre-Historic Antiquities

http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/…/Chapter%202-4_89-15…

Guha, B.S. 1926. A comparative study of the human crania excavated at Aditanallur, Proceedings of the 14th Indian Science Congress

Swamy, B.G.L. 1972. Plant Remians from the Burials of Adichanallur. Paper Presented in the Symposium on Human Ecology and Geomorphology of Peninsular India, September 1972. Madras.

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/…/final%20bibliography.pdf

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of potteries of the urn burial site at Adichanallur, Tamilnadu, India

Redware as well as black and red ware potteries excavated from different levels of the Urn Burial Site, Adichanallur, Tamilnadu have been subjected to OSL dating by the well-known Single Aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) protocol. The OSL ages of the potteries are found to lie in the range 3600-6000 years B.P. This study first of its kind in the sense of application of SAR protocol, a technique known for its increased accuracy coupled with standard Riso TL/OSL reader for data acquisition more or less conclusively demonstrates that the urn burial site dates back to 4000 BC to 1500 BC. Today thus one can say with confidence that Adichanallur, is one of the oldest megalithic sites of South India.

DATING OF ADICHANALLUR ARTEFACTS

“The materials from Adichanallur excavations have evoked keen interest about the age of the finds, since they constitute the largest metal and burial appendages from a burial site. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) Lab analysed a wood sample from the excavated material in the period 1899-1905. The sample gave a 14C determinant of 775±95 AD, which at that time was considered widely divergence from the archaeological estimates, as the sample is supposed to associate with Urn- burials of iron age/ early historic period viz., c.500 BC to 300 AD (Agrawal, et al. 1964). However, the results on some of the copper alloy metals by Madras Museum indicated the presence of tin in the range from 22 to 25%. The higher tin percentage of Adichanallur copper alloy
reveals similarities with the bronze coins issued by the Pallava dynasty analysed by the authors, wherein the percentage of tin varied between 18 to 26%. This shows that the date 775±95 AD obtained for the Adichanallur sample was not in wide divergence as predicted earlier, but on the other hand points to the continuance of mining activity and the practice of burying the dead in urn at Adichanallur as recent as the early medieval period (c.400 to 800 AD) in that area.”

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)

“As already stated, the area was thought to be a burial site and generally, an age of 2000 years was assumed for the Adichanallur burial. Hence, NIOT has sent various types of pottery to Manipur University, where Dr.Raj Kishore Gartia carried out the Thermo-luminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence
dating (OSL) of the samples. As per the usual procedure, quite a few samples of the various types of pottery were sent to him for dating. The result of his study on the age of some samples given are tabulated below.”

https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:36074548

Recent scientific studies (carried out by the Archaeological Survey of India in collaboration with the National Institute of Ocean Technology) of the single largest find in Adichanallur consisting of metal antiquities, claim the site to be an important pre-historic mining site on the basis of the use of mineral resources in the burial remains with iron and steel artefacts of high quality containing elements like titanium, vanadium and uranium. The river Tamraparni on which the site is located is said to be derived from Tamra or Cheppu for copper, though it is also possible to derive the name from “Tamira” and “Porunai”, which later became Sanskritised.

http://www.thehindu.com/…/a-window-on-th…/article2267027.ece

Secrets of a Cemetery: The Geology and Forensic Skeletal Biology of the Ancient Maritime People of Adichanallur, Tamil Nadu

http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=2736075315…

Adichanalloor and Porunai Valley Civilization

https://www.facebook.com/AncientTamilCivilization/media_set…

Catalogue of the Pre-historic Antiquities from Adichanallur and Perumbai by Alexander Rea F.S.A (Scott) – 1915

https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofprehi00goverich…

pdf

https://ia600303.us.archive.org/…/catalogueofprehi00goveric…

ஆதித்த நல்லூர் புகழ்பெற்ற சுரங்கத்தொழில் நகரம்

Adichanalloor and Porunai Valley Civilization

https://www.facebook.com/AncientTamilCivilization/media_set…

ஆதித்த நல்லூரிலும், கிருட்டிணாபுரத்திலும் நடத்திய அறிவியல் ஆய்வுகள்படி, அவை சுரங்கத்தொழில் நகரங்களாக இருந்துள்ளன. அப்பகுதியில் காணப்பட்ட சுட்ட செங்கற்கள், உருக்கிய உலோகக் கசடுகள், உலையிலடப்பட்ட கரிக்கட்டைகள் பயன்படுத்தப்பட்ட தாதுமூலப்பொருட்கள் ஆகியவற்றின் அடிப்படையில், இப்பகுதியில் கிடைத்த தங்கம், இரும்பு, தாமிரம் ஆகிய உலோகங்கள் உள்ளூரிலேயே தோண்டி எடுக்கப்பட்டு உருக்கப்பட்டவைகளாகும். இரும்புத்தாதுப்பொருட்களில் டிட்டானியம், வனடியம், கார்பன் போன்ற பல தனிமங்கள் சேர்ந்திருந்ததால், இரும்பு உருக்கு ஆகிய பொருட்கள் மிகவும் உயர்ந்த தரம் வாய்ந்தவைகளாக இருந்தன. தாமிரப்பொருட்களின் தனிமக் கலவையில் உள்ளீயம் 4 முதல் 6 விழுக்காடு சேர்க்கப்பட்டிருந்தது. ஒவ்வொரு விழுக்காடு உள்ளீயமும் தாமிரத்தின் உறுதித்தன்மையை அதிகரிக்கச் செய்யும். அதன் காரணமாகவே அவை சேர்க்கப்பட்டிருந்தன.

இரும்புப் பொருட்களின் தனிமக் கலவைகளில் டிட்டானியம், கார்பன், ஆக்சைடு, கார்பனேட் முதலியன சேர்க்கப்பட்டிருந்தன. உருக்குக்கலவையில் இருந்த தீதான வேதிப்பொருட்களை நீக்கும் தன்மையுள்ள வெண்ணாகம் உருக்கை உயர் விறைப்புத்தன்மையுடன் இழுக்க உதவும். எளிய கார்பன் உருக்கைவிட எவ்விதத் தீங்குல் இல்லாமல் மிகப்பெருஞ்சூட்டில் உருக்கை உறுதிப்படுத்த வெண்ணாகம் உதவுகிறது. ஆதலால் கிட்டத்தட்ட ஒரு விழுக்காடு அளவு வெண்ணாகம் உருக்குக் கலவையில் சேர்க்கப்பட்டிருந்தது.

பி.சசிசேகரன், எசு.சுந்தரராசன், தி.வெங்கட்ராவ், பி.இரகுநாதராவ், எசு.பத்ரி நாராயணன், எசு.இராசவேல், தி.சத்தியமூர்த்தி, ஆர்.கே.கார்சியா ஆகிய தொல்லியல் வல்லுநர்களும், அறிவியல் அறிஞர்களும் ஆதித்த நல்லூரிலும், கிருட்டிணாபுரத்திலும் பல்வேறு ஆய்வுகளை நடத்தியபின் இந்த இரண்டு ஊர்களிலும் தொன்மைக்காலத்தில் நிலத்தின் மேற்பகுதியிலேயே நீண்ட தொலைவுக்குச் சுரங்கங்கள் இருந்தன என அறிவித்துள்ளனர். அங்கு நடைபெற்ற சுரங்கத்தொழில் பற்றியும், அந்தச் சுரங்கங்களில் கிடைத்த உலோகங்களின் தன்மைகள் பற்றியும் அவர்களுடைய அறிக்கையில் விரிவாகக் கூறப்பட்டுள்ளது. ஆதித்த நல்லூரிலும், கிருட்டிணாபுரத்திலும் நடந்த சுரங்கத்தொழில் பற்றிய இவை அனைத்தும் அழகப்பா பல்கலைக்கழக முன்னாள் துணைவேந்தர் முனைவர் அ. இராமசாமி அவர்கள் தெரிவித்துள்ள தரவுகளாகும்(1.அவரது நூல்: தொன்மைத்தமிழர் நாகரிக வரலாறு, டிசம்பர் 2013, பக்: 88-93. 2.B.SASISEKARAN et al. ADICHANALUR: A PREHISTORIC MINING SITE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE, 45. 3 (2010) PP. 369- 394 3.D. VENKAT RAO et al., RECENT SCIENTIFIC STUDIES AT ADICHANALLUR: A PRE HISTORIC MINING SITE , IN SANGAM: NUMISMATICS AND CULTURAL HISTORAY, NEW ERA PUBLICATIONS, CHENNAI- 2006, PP. 146-154)

இவ்விதமாக ஆதித்தநல்லூர் ஒரு தொழில் நகரமாக இருந்தது எனவும் அங்கு உயர் தொழில்நுட்பமிக்க உயர்தரமான இரும்பு எஃகும், பிற உலோகங்களும் தயார் செய்யப்பட்டன எனவும், வெண்கலப்பொருட்கள் தயாரிப்பில் அவர்கள் மிக உயர்ந்த தொழில்நுட்ப அறிவைப் பெற்றிருந்தனர் எனவும், அதனால்தான் அவர்களால் கலையழகுமிக்க மிகச் சிறந்த வெண்கலப்பொருட்களை தயாரிக்க முடிந்தது எனவும் கருதலாம். அதனால் பண்டையத் தமிழகம் தொழில்நுட்பம், பொருளுற்பத்தி, வணிகம் முதலிய பல துறைகளில் ஒரு உயர்ந்த இடத்தைப் பெற்றிருந்தது எனவும், ஆனால் இவைபற்றியப் பல செய்திகள் சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் இல்லை எனவும், அகழாய்வுத் தரவுகள் தான் இவைகளை வெளிக் கொணர்ந்துள்ளன எனவும், அந்த அகழாய்வுகளும் மிகமிகக் குறைந்த அளவே (ஒரு விழுக்காட்டிற்கும் குறைவு) நடத்தப் பட்டுள்ளது எனவும் முனைவர் கா.இராசன் அவர்கள் தெரிவிக்கிறார். ஆகவே தொடர்ந்து நடத்தப்படும் அகழாய்வுகள்தான் பண்டைய தமிழகத்தின் வளர்ந்த நாகரிகத்தை வெளிப்படுத்தும் எனலாம்.

http://keetru.com/…/2014-03-14-11…/28094-2015-03-23-08-56-27

1837ஆம் ஆண்டு இராயல் ஏஷியாட்டிக் சொசைட்டியில் சமர்ப்பித்த ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரை ஒன்றில் அறிஞர் ஹீத் என்பவர் தென் இந்தியாவில் செய்யப்பட்ட எஃகுப் பொருள்களே எகிப்துக்கும், ஐரோப்பா கண்டத்திற்கும் ஏற்றுமதி செய்யப்பட்டன என்று எடுத்துக்காட்டியுள்ளார்.

பத்தாயிரம் ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்பே தமிழர்கள் இரும்பைக் கண்டுபிடித்து தேன் இரும்பு, வார்ப்பு இரும்பு, எஃகு இரும்பு ஆகியவற்றை உருவாக்கி இருக்கின்றனர் . பயிர்த்தொழில், சட்டிப்பானை வனையும் தொழில், நெசவுத் தொழில், கப்பல் கட்டும் தொழில் போன்றவற்றை இரும்புக் கருவிகள் மூலம் திறம்பட வளர்த்து கடல் வாணிபம் செய்து உலகப் புகழ்பெற்றவர்கள் தமிழர்கள் என ஆதிச்சநல்லூரில் கிடைத்த அகழ்வாய்வுச் சின்னங்கள் உறுதிப்படுத்துகின்றன.

மிகத் தொன்மையான காலத்திலிருந்தே இரும்பைப் பிரித்தெடுத்து அதை பல பொருள்களாகச் செய்து பயன்படுத்துவதில் தமிழர்கள் கைதேர்ந்தவர்கள் என்று அறியமுடிகிறது. சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் இரும்பினால் செய்யப்பட்ட பொருள்கள் உவமையாகக் கூறப்பட்டுள்ளன.

மிகத் தொன்மையான காலத்திலேயே தமிழர்கள் எகிப்து, ஆப்பிரிக்கா, சுமேரியா, கிரீஸ், மெக்சிகோ முதலிய நாடுகளுக்கு இரும்புப் பொருள்கள் ஏற்றுமதி செய்து வந்தனர். எகிப்தியர்களும், கிரேக்கர்களும் இந்திய நாட்டில் இருந்துதான் இரும்பை உருக்கி பயன்படுத்தும் முறைகளை அறிந்தனர் என்று கூறப்படுகிறது.

ஆதித்த நல்லூர் பறம்பின் அகழாய்வில் கிடைத்த பொருள்களில் சிலவற்றின் பெயர்கள்:

எறிவேல் (Spear)
ஈட்டி (Lance)
குத்துவாள் அல்லது பட்டாக்கத்தி (Dagger)
அம்புமுனை போன்ற வேல் (Barbed Javeline)
இரு புறமும் கூர்மையான வால் (Double edged Sword)
மூவிலை வேல் (திரிசூலம்) (Trident)
கூரிய அம்புத்தலை (Barbed arrow head)
கைக்கோடரி (Hatchets)
வாள் (Sword)
வளைந்த கத்தி (Curved Knife)
இரு வளைவான கொக்கித்தடி (Hooks with two curved rods)
பலி வாள் (Sacrificed sword)
அம்புத்தலை (Arrow head)
வேலாயுதம் (Javeline)
கோடரிகள் (Axes)
சூலாயுதம் (Sulams)
கேடயம் (Shield)
அரிய ஆயுதம் (A Curious Weapon)
சிறிய உடைவாள் (Small Dagger)
சிறிய ஈட்டி (Small Lance)
செங்கோணவாயுள்ள ஈட்டி (Lance with blade rectangular in section)
கூம்புவாய் ஈட்டி (Lance with narrow blade)
ஈட்டிப் பிடியுள்ள குழிவான குழாய் (Hallow tube handle of lance)
குழிவான விளிம்புள்ள குத்துவாள் (Dagger with tapering point)
அகன்ற வாய்ப் பரசு (Hatch broadest at the cutting edge)
நீண்ட வட்டக் குழிவான ஈட்டி (Lance with long round hollow shaft)
குழிவான இரும்புக் கைப்பிடி ஈட்டி (Hollow iron handles with rods through the centre)
வளைவுகளுள்ள வாள் (Swords with various curved blades tapering with points)
சிறிய நுனியுள்ள வாயுடைய ஈட்டி (Lance with lapering blades and hollow handles)
கத்தி (Knife)
வளைந்த பலவகைக் கத்திகள் (Reaping hook or curved knives of various forms)

…..

+14

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विष्‍णुधर्मोत्‍तरपुराण – एक उपयोगी पुराण पर कार्य

Shri Krishan Jugnu

3 hrs ·

विष्‍णुधर्मोत्‍तरपुराण – एक उपयोगी पुराण पर कार्य

उत्‍तरवर्ती पुराणों में एक महत्‍वपूर्ण पुराण है – विष्‍णुधर्मोत्‍तरपुराण। छठवीं-सातवीं सदी की रचना। महत्‍वपूर्ण इतना कि भारतीय संस्‍कृति का विश्‍वकोश माना जाता है। तीन खंड और 807 अध्‍याय। विष्‍णुपुराण के उत्‍तरभाग के रूप में पुराणकारों ने इसकी प्रशंसा की है किन्‍तु यह अपने अापमें स्‍वतंत्र पुराण कहा जा सकता है। पुराण के पांचों ही लक्षण इसमें घटित हैं। यही नहीं, राजनीति शास्‍त्र, चित्र शास्‍त्र, नाट्य शास्‍त्र, संगीत शास्‍त्र, वास्‍तु शास्‍त्र, प्रतिमा शास्‍त्र, ज्‍योतिष शास्‍त्र, वृक्षायुर्वेद, व्रत, दान, पूजन-अर्चन… सैकडों शास्‍त्रों के सार-संक्षेप को इस पुराण ने कुछ इस तरह ग्रहण किया है कि संस्‍कृति का कोई पक्ष अछूता नहीं रहता।
आद्य शंकराचार्य, अरबयात्री अलबीरुनी, भोजराज, हेमाद्रि, लक्ष्‍मीधर से लेकर वर्तमान तक हजारों संदर्भ इस ग्रंथ के उद्धृत किए गए हैं, किंतु इसका हिंदी अनुवाद अद्यावधि अनुपलब्‍ध है। जिसको जो संदर्भ या अध्‍याय अपेक्षित था, उस पर शोध किया और उपाधि ले ली। मूलग्रंथ पर कार्य शेष ही रहा। यह मूल रूप में 1911-12 ईस्‍वी में वेंकटेश्‍वर प्रेस, मुंबई से प्रकाशित हुआ था।
2000 में मेरा ध्‍यान इस ग्रंथ पर गया था जबकि मैं महाराणा प्रताप के दरबारी पंडित चक्रपाणि मिश्र कृत ‘राज्‍याभिषेक पद्धति’ के संपादन का कार्य कर रहा था। चक्रपाणि ने इसी पुराण को अपनी कृति का आधार बनाया था। यही नहीं, यह वही विधि है जिसकाे अग्निपुराणकार ने भी उद्धृत किया है। बाद में इसके कई अध्‍यायों का अनुवाद मैंने अपने ग्रंथों में दिया है। इस धीरे-धीरे इस पर कार्य होता रहा किंतु माननीय कपिलदेवजी ने इसका संपूर्ण बीड़ा उठाया तो चौखंबा प्रकाशन ने मुझे इस पर दृष्टिपात का अाग्रह किया। यही नहीं, इसके अति ही जटिल ‘पैतामह सिद्धान्‍त’ अध्‍यायों के अनुवाद का अाग्रह भी किया… इन दिनों यह कार्य हुआ तो लगा कि करीब 15 सौ सालों बाद किसी ग्रंथ के उस गणितीय भाग का न केवल पुनर्संपादन हाे गया बल्कि उनका सोदाहरण अनुवाद भी हो गया जिस पर जॉर्ज ब्‍यूहलर, पंडित सुधाकर मालवीय, एम. विंटरनित्‍ज़, प्रो. राजेन्‍द्रचंद्र हाजरा, रामशरण शर्मा की महत्‍वपूर्ण टिप्‍पणियां थीं कि यह ब्रह्मगुप्‍त के ब्रह्मस्‍फुट सिद्धांत (628 ई.) से प्रेरित है या अन्‍य किसी ग्रंथ से। पैतामह सिद्धांत वराहमिहिर (निधन 587 ई.) की ‘पंचसिद्धांतिका’ में भी है किंतु इतना संक्षिप्‍त कि पांच ही श्‍लोक है और वे पांच वर्षीय युगादि पर है…।
सचमुच एक पुराण के त्रुटित पाठ पर कार्य उतना ही दुरूह होता है कि कोई अपनी स्‍मृति को उतना पीछे ले जाए। है न कठिन क्‍योंकि हमें तो परसों क्‍या सब्‍जी खाई ये भी याद नहीं होता। मित्रो, यह कार्य न केवल पूरा हुआ बल्कि इस विशालकाय पुराण की विषय वस्‍तु की अन्‍यान्‍य सैकड़ों ग्रन्‍थों से समानता, विभिन्‍नता लिए तुलना करते हुए विस्‍तृत भूमिका भी लिख दी। बस अब इंतजार है कि जल्‍द ही वह आपके कर कमलों में हो…।

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